The UPSC Mains Examination covers a wide variety of topics, including History, Geography, Indian Polity, Economics, Philosophy, Social Issues, Environment and Ecology, Science and Technology, and other current affairs topics. The subjects broadly fall into eight papers: (1) Essay, (2) Indian Language, (3) English, (4) General Studies I (History and Culture) (5) General Studies II ( Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International Relations), (6) General Studies III (Economics, Science and Technology, Environment, Biodiversity and Disaster Management), (7) General Studies IV (Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude) and (8) Optional Subject (Any two of the subordinate courses offered by UPSC).